Writing3 "Third Assignment"

Ø Adequate and inadequate cohesion:

1.            Macro-level strategies

Cohesion in writing is achieved in many ways. It is created at the overall text and paragraph level by:

·                     the structure and content of your introductions and conclusions.

·                     the overall structure of your text – how the parts fit together.

·                     the organisational principle you choose to sequence and present your information, arguments and supporting evidence.

·                     the structure of your individual arguments.

·                     the way you develop your arguments so that your readers are persuaded by them.

·                     the way you structure your paragraphs.

2.        Micro-level strategies

In addition to the structural components listed above, English uses a range of micro-level language strategies to make a text cohesive.

This unit will introduce you to four strategies you can use to help create better cohesion in your writing:

Theme and thematic progression – Thematic progression builds meaning by carrying central ideas through the text.

Vocabulary choices – The use of repetition, synonyms and opposites, and other language choices ensures that your reader does not lose the thread of what you are writing about.

Reference – Using forward and backward reference within your texts enables you to pick up information already referred to, without having to repeat the same words and phrases.

Conjunctions – These are used to place individual items of information into meaningful relationships with one another.

Cohesion is the resources within language that provide continuity in a text, over and above that is provided by clause structure and clause complexes. Halliday and Hasan (1976) in Coulthard (1974) claims that cohesion is formed by the formal ties, which bind one sentence to another. There are five headings of cohesion based on Halliday and Hasan (1976). They are reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunctin and lexical cohesion.

1. Reference

Reference is one kind of cohesive ties in texture. Reference refers to how the speaker or writer introduces participants and then keeps track of them once they are in the text (Eggins, 1994:95). Its elements establish semantic relationship between them, in which one of the elements provides the other with the meaning. 

2. Substitution

A substitution is the replacement of a word (group) or sentences segment by a “dummy” word. The reader can fill in the correct element based on the preceding sentences (Rankema, 1993: 37). Substitution is replacement of language element into others in a bigger composition in order to get clearer difference, or to explain some certain language elements. It is an item or items replaced by another item or items. There is a distinction between substitution and reference in which subtitution is a realization in the wording rather than in the meaning.

3. Ellipsis

Ellipsis is the omission of a word or part of a sentence. It occurs when some essential structural elements are omitted from a sentence or clause and can only be recovered by refering to an element in the preceding text (Nunan, 1993: 25). Accoding to Halliday and Hasan (1976: 144) ellipses occur when something that is structurally necessary is left unsaid, there is a sense of incompleteness associated with it. The information is understood, but not stated. Like substitution, ellipsis is a relation within the text and in the great majority of instances the pressuposed item is present in the preceding text.

4. Conjunction

One explanation to the concept of conjunction comes from Baker (1992). He asserts that conjunction is a relationship which indicates how the subsequent sentence or clause should be linked to the preceding or the following sentence or clause by using cohesive ties which relate a sentence, a clause or a paragraph to each other.

5. Lexical Cohesive Device

The types of cohesion we have discussed so far all involve grammatical resource/ items (conjunction, reference items, substitutes items) and grammatical structure. Cohesion also operates within the lexical zone of lexicogrammar by choosing of lexical items. Lexical cohesive devices refer to the role played by the selection of vocabulary in organizing relation within a text (Baker, 1992: 202). It does not deal with grammatical and semantic connection but with the connection based on the words used.

Ø cohesion

A speaker or writer of language can distinguish the differences between a text and a non-text. A text must have texture (Eggins, 1994:85).  Texture is what holds the sentences of a text together to make them unity. In binding texts, it needs ties. Martin (2001: 37) states that tie is the relationship between an item and the item it presupposed in a text. It is also called a cohesive tie. There are five types of cohesive ties: reference, substitution, elipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion. These five cohesive ties produce cohesion. Halliday and Hasan (1976:4) define that cohesion is as relations of meaning that exist within the text, and that defines it as a text. Cohesion is a semantic relation between an element in the text and some other elements that are crucial to the interpretation of it.

From the elaboration above, it is very clear that text is not bound with the length of itself, but it refers to any linguistic unit.

Ø The difference between coherence and cohesion:

How is cohesion different from coherence? It is difficult to separate the two. However, think of coherence as the discourse making sense as a whole at an ideas level, and cohesion as rather more mechanical links at a language level. You can imagine that it is possible for a piece of writing to contain plenty of cohesion yet little coherence. Cohesion is the glue that holds a piece of writing together. In other words, if a paper is cohesive, it sticks together from sentence to sentence and from paragraph to paragraph. Cohesive devices certainly include transitional words and phrases, such as therefore, furthermore, or for instance, that clarify for listeners/readers the relationships among ideas in a piece of writing. However, transitions aren't enough to make writing cohesive. Repetition of key words and use of reference words are also needed for cohesion.

Coherence means to hold together. It means that texts have the right order with the clear process. In addition to unity, coherence plays an important role in making a text read well. A coherent text consists of interrelated sentences which move smoothly one for another.

From the significance of the writing, I was inspired and interested to conduct a research which investigate the cohesion and coherence of the students’ texts with my own reasons. Firstly, it is very important to analyze the cohesion and coherence of the students’ texts. Then, the research finding is used to improve the quality of teaching writing. The last reason is to improve the students’ competence in writing good texts. It is due to the fact that the teaching of English as foreign language is based on genre-based approach in which the students are supposed to produce texts.

Cohesion describes the way in which a text is tied together by linguistic devices, such as And so we see . . . , Additonally . . . , Therefore . . . , However . . . and On the other hand . . .

A text has coherence if its constituent sentences follow on one from the other in an orderly fashion so that the reader can make sense of the entire text.

                                                  

                                        

“This one is about me”

Well, this paragraph will describe all of about me. My name, age, hobby, and etc. If  you want to know deeply about me, just read this paragraphs correctly and carefully.  (introducing) My name is Atika dwiyanti, my nick name is atika. Now I’m 19 years old. I’m a student of  english study program in muhammadiyah university of metro. Now I’m in 4th semester.  I’m a simple girl, humble with other people esspecially with my best friends. I live in Raman utara east lampung with my belove parents and my old brother. But now, I stay in a boarding house with my friends. ( identification) and about my physic, Iam not tall but not short, around 150 cm. According my friends my body is slim because my weight just likes 40 kg, and I think so. I have slim body because my parents are not too tall and not too big. I enjoy have slim body because I dont want my body be fat.  I have beautiful black long hairs, Iam very love it so much. My eyes color are black and my skin color light brown. I have a flat nose, and I hope someday it can be pointed nose. One of the best thing about me is love, I heve so much love in my life. Especially for my parents, my friends and for all of the people who have given me love too. I have some hobbies, they are listening music and watching movies. First, I like pop music, usually I listen indonesia and western pop music. I love listening music because it can change my feeling directly. When I feel sad, I play it and directly my problem lose. Second, I like watcing movies especially romance. Usually I watch movies that the actor is handsome, because he can make the movies be interesting. When I have free time and my assignments are so many, usually I just do it until it done well. But if there is no assignment Usually I play or go to somewhere with my best friends, usually we go to shopping, look for a new beautiful place for eat together, or go to karaoke to refresh our mind. Usually my friends like sing a dangdut song, but I like sing pop song.(description). So, you can call me Atika, I’m humble and have a lot of love for each other. And all of that I heve, I really grateful to the god. (concluding).

Analyze:

1.      One of the best thing about me is love . The word me is a personal reference which refers to the first person singular.

2.      I think so.  In the sentence above, the word so presupposes the whole clause According my friends my body is slim because my weight just likes 40 kg. The word so above belongs to clause substitution.

3.      Usually my friends like sing a dangdut song, but I like sing pop song. In the second sentence the word dangdut song is not mentioned after the word a pop song. Then, the noun a pop song functions as Head.

4.      Because, and But or .Are conjunction.

5.      I enjoy have slim body because I dont want my body be fat. Here, the word slim is the opposite of fat.

Second meeting "Descriptive paragraph"

A good paragraph is a mini-essay. It should demonstrate three components:

1.      Introduction, i.e., a topic sentence

2.      Body, i.e., supporting details

3.      Conclusion or a transitional sentence to the paragraph that follows.

A good paragraph is characterized by unity, coherence, and adequate development.

ü Unity:
State the main idea of the paragraph in a clearly constructed topic sentence. Make sure each sentence is related to the central thought.

ü Coherence:
Arrange ideas in a clear, logical order. Provide appropriate transitions to the subsequent paragraph.

ü Adequate development:
Develop your paragraphs with specific details and examples.

1. Strategies for adequate and inadequate unity development:

ü Elaborate:
Spell out the details by defining, or by clarifying and adding relevant, pertinent information.

ü  Illustrate:
Paint a verbal picture that helps make or clarify your point(s). Well illustrated pieces are easier to read and follow than those on a high level of abstraction.

ü Argue:
Give the reasons, justifications, and rationales for the position or view you have taken in the topic sentence. Draw inferences for the reader and explain the significance of assertions or claims being made.

ü  Narrate:
Relate the historical development of the phenomenon at issue.

ü  Process:
Describe how something works.

ü  Describe:
Observe without preconceived categories.

ü  Classify:
Organize phenomena or ideas into larger categories that share common characteristics.

ü  Analyze:
Divide phenomena or ideas into elements.

ü  Compare and Contrast:
Show similarities and differences between two or more phenomena or ideas.

ü  Relate:
Show correlations and causes (beware of logical fallacies, however!)

2.  Coherence

                        The word coherence in this context is solid. All of the sentences in one paragraph have to be hold together  with appropriate transitions. Coherence is one of the two criteria of good paragraph. Another good criteria of the paragraph is unity. Unity means that a paragraph discusses one and only one main idea from the begining to end. One main idea can be developed into specific topic what is called topic sentence. In the topic sentence there are two parts : a topic and a controlling idea. Supposed you have a main idea that is education, you can make it into a good education than make “good education” into topic sentence : a good educationhas three characteristic. A good education is a topic and three characteristic is controlling idea. All in all, coherence and unity mean that a paragraph has one main idea and all the supporting sentences and detail are hold together with appropriate transitions.

“This one is about me”

Well, this paragraph will describe all of about me. My name, age, hobby, and etc. If  you want to know deeply about me, just read this paragraphs correctly and carefully.  (introducing) My name is Atika dwiyanti, my nick name is atika. Now I’m 19 years old. I’m a student of  english study program in muhammadiyah university of metro. Now I’m in 4th semester.  I’m a simple girl, humble with other people esspecially with my best friends. I live in Raman utara east lampung with my belove parents and my old brother. But now, I stay in a boarding house with my friends. ( identification) and about my physic, Iam not tall but not short, around 150 cm and my body is slim because my weight just likes 40 kg, because my parents are not too tall and not too big. I enjoy have slim body because I dont want my body be fat.  I have beautiful black long hairs, Iam very love it so much. My eyes color are black and my skin color light brown. I have a flat nose, and I hope someday it can be pointed nose. One of the best thing about me is love, I heve so much love in my life. Especially for my parents, my friends and for all of the people who have given me love too. I have some hobbies, they are listening music and watching movies. First, I like pop music, usually I listen indonesia and western pop music. I love listening music because it can change my feeling directly. When I feel sad, I play it and directly my problem lose. Second, I like watcing movies especially romance. Usually I watch movies that the actor is handsome, because he can make the movies be interesting. When I have free time and my assignments are so many, usually I just do it until it done well. But if there is no assignment Usually I play or go to somewhere with my best friends, usually we go to shopping, look for a new beautiful place for eat together, or go to karaoke to refresh our mind. (description). So, you can call me Atika, I’m humble and have a lot of love for each other. And all of that I heve, I really grateful to the god. (concluding).

Expository paragraph

Expository

A paragraph that explains or analyzes a topic is an expository paragraph.

expository paragraph can be divided into several model of writings: such as process paragraph, and procedure paragraph. however, the details about these two divisions will be explained in a separated chapter not to mention the example.

Generic structure of expository:

Topic sentence

Supporting sentence

Concluding sentence

Language form:

Using process verbs :begin, start, continue, become, remain, develop, end, finish.

Using indefinite transitions

Using question word mark, such as how and and

Using charts, graphics, and other visual aids

Using present tenses either verbal or nominal

Example :

“How noodle is cooked”

Noodle is cooked by simple way, with the following process. (topic sentence) Firstly, water is boiled on the stove. After the water was hot, noodle is put in the boil water. Next, noodle is stirred until well. While waiting the noodle well, the seasoning is poured on the bowl. Finally, after the noodle well, noodle is poured on the bowl, and the noodle is ready to serve. (supporting sentence) So, thats all the step how noodle is cooked.(concluding sentence)

Descriptive paragraph

Descriptive text

descriptive text is the text that is always in around us when we want to describe something or someone. Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.


The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text

* Identification: to identifying the phenomenon to be described.

* Description to: describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.


The Language Features of Descriptive Text:

Using linking verb or verbs of senses such as look, smell, taste, see, seem.

Using three parameter of senses: visual, auditory, and smell.

Using spatial order in which preposition precedes the verb and the subject.

Using multiple tenses based on the time: past, present, and future.

Example:

“My mother”

My mother is a beautiful person. My mother is a wonderful women in the world.
She is a very kind person. She is very lovely, friendly, patient, and she loves to help people. I love my mom, because she is a good example to me. She is a very good child, wife and mother. She always takes care of her family. She likes her house to be clean and organized. She a very organized person, and all things in the house are in the right place. She doesn't like messes. (identification)

She is not tall but not short, and she has curly hair and brown. Her eyes color are like honey and her color skin color light brown, and she has a beautiful smile. Her weight likes 120 lbs.
She always has a smile on her face. She is so sweet and lovely. I like when I am going to sleep or went I wake up or when I am going to go to some places, she always give me a kiss, and when the family have a problem she always be with us to helps us and to give us all her love. (describtion)

Narrative paragraph

Narrative text

The narrative text is telling of a story or an account of a sequence of events. One of the four traditional forms of composition (along with description, exposition, and persuasion). Narration differs from exposition, which can also relate a sequence of events, in that narration need not be factual and may be written from the perspective of a character in the text.

The social function is to tell stories either in present which is called present narrative, past events, which called past narrative and future which is called future narrative, to entertain the readers (smalley, and Ruetten, 1984).

There are some kind of narrative text, such as: fables, myths, legend etc.

The generic sctucture of a narrative:
1. Orientation: Sets the scene and introduces the participants.
2. Complication: A crisis arises
3. Resolution: The crisis is resolved, for the better or for worse.
4. Re-orientation: Optinal
5. Evaluation: A stepping back to evaluate the plight

Language forms of narrative text:

Using processes verbs : tell, says, narrates.

Using temporal conjunction : chronological order.

Using simple past tense .

Example:

“GOLDEN EGGS”

Long time ago a remote village, in central China was inhabited mainly with farmers and hunters. One day, a poor farmer lost his entire livestock to flood. He prayed hard to God for help or his family would die of starvation. (orientation)

Few days later, an old man with long grey beard, passed by his house took pity on him. He gave him a goose and said “ I don’t have any expensive thing to give you and hope this goose will help you to ease your hardship.”

A week later to almost surprise the farmer found and egg in his yard. This was no ordinary egg. It was a golden egg. He was suddenly overcome with joy. (complication)

Thereafter, his livelihood had rapidly improved but the farmer had forgotten his earlier hardship. He became lazy, arrogant and spendthrift.(resolution)

Text of Newscaster

Berita penarikan duta besar indonesia dari canbera menjadi topik hangat di beberapa media internasional.

Sebagian besar media tersebut menceritakan keseriusan indonesia menanggapi skandal penyuapan yang dilakukan pemerintah australia.

Harian ternama australia sidney morning herland memberikan judul spying row. Dalam artikel ini indonesia disebutkan sebagai negara yang berani melakukan tindakan kepada negara yang kerap melakukan eksplonase seperti amerika serikat dan australia. Tindakan indonesia ini dianggap perlu dan dijadikan contoh oleh negara lain. Masih dari harian sidney, dalam halaman opini sejumlah pihak di australia menganggap penyadapan selluler milik presiden sby bukanlah sesuatu yang mengagetkan. Dalam artikel berjudul canbera doesnt trust jakarta para ahli politik australia menganggap walaupun hubungan bilateral antara indonesia dan australia sudah berlangsung lama, namun duta australia masih belum bisa mempercayai pemerintahan indonesia. Sistem politik indonesia yang buruk dan tingginya tingkat korupsi menjadi penyebab ketidakpercayaan pemerintah australia terhadap pemerintah indonesia. Selain harian sidney, harian abc.net.au memberikan judul spying row. Indonesia give tony abbott two days to response claims sby’s fontain terkait penyadapan ini. Dalam artikel ini, selain memanggil duta besarnya, indonesia juga akan mengkaji ulang hubungan kerjasama antara kedua negara termasuk penempatan para pencari soaka. Indonesia dianggap bereaksi cepat dan tegas dengan memanggil pulang duta besarnya dan menuntut penjelasan. Pemerintah indonesia melaui menkopon hukam joko suyanto menginginkan penjelasan resmi dari perdana mentri australia tony abbott dalam waktu dua hari. Tak hanya media australia, media inggris di borden juga memberitakan penarikan duta besar indonesia untuk australia ini. Dalam artikel berjudul indonesian president escuse tony abbott of beliteung spy revelation. Di guordia memberitakan melalui akun twitternya presiden indonesi sby, menuntut penjelasan perdana mentri australia terkait isu penyadapan. Sementara perdana mentri australia tony abbott menolak untuk meminta maaf dan memilih untuk tidak berkomentar. Sebelumnya mentri luar negeri indonesia martinata legawa telah menarik duta besar indonesia untuk australia, najib rifat kesuma. Selain menarik duta besarnya, presiden sby juga mengecam tindakan australia dan berjanji akan meninjau ulang hubungan bilateral antara kedua negara.

News withdrawing ambassador’s indonesia from Canberra become a hot topic in media’s internatiol.

Most of the media tells the seriousness of Indonesia responded to the government's bribery scandal australia .

Daily sidney morning herland give the title spying row . In this article mentioned Indonesia as a country that dared to take action to countries that often do eksplonase such as the United States and Australia . Indonesia is considered necessary action and serve as an example by other countries . Still from sidney daily , in the opinion pages in australia considers a number of parties belong to wiretap cellular President is not something surprising . In an article entitled Canberra does not trust australia jakarta political experts consider although bilateral relations between Indonesia and Australia has a long , but the ambassador australia still can not trust the Indonesian government . Poor Indonesian political system and the high level of distrust of government corruption cause Australia to Indonesian government . In addition to sidney daily , daily abc.net.au give the title spying row . Indonesian tony abbott give two days to response -related claims sby 's fontain these intercepts . In this article , other than the recalled its ambassador , Indonesia will also review the cooperation relations between the two countries including the placement soaka seekers . Indonesia is considered to react quickly and decisively by recalling its ambassador and demanded an explanation . Indonesian government through a law of george suyanto menkopon want an official explanation from the prime minister of australia tony abbott within two days . Not only the media australia , the English media in borden also reported withdrawal Indonesian ambassador to Australia 's . In the article titled Indonesian president escuse tony abbott of beliteung spy revelation . In guordia proclaim through his twitter account indonesi sby president , the prime minister demanded an explanation over the issue of wiretapping australia . While the prime minister of australia tony abbott refused to apologize and chose not to comment . Previously Indonesian foreign minister martinata legawa has attracted Indonesian ambassador to Australia , najib rifat flower . In addition to withdrawing its ambassador , the president also condemned Australia and promised to review the bilateral relations between the two countries .